2020-04-30 (EN)

COVID-19 in Iceland

A prediction model for the number of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 and the corresponding burden on the health care system.

2020-04-30

Summary

To be prepared for the possibility of further changes in the age distribution, another prediction follows which assumes that the age distribution will be more unfavorable. The results can be read further down in the report.

The main results of the prediction model, with data through 29th of April, are as follows:

  • It is expected that throughout the epidemic, about 1800 individuals in Iceland will have been diagnosed with COVID-19, but the number could reach as high as 2100 individuals, according to the pessimistic forecast.
  • It is expected that the number of diagnosed individuals with an active disease peaks in the first week of April and will at that time probably be about 1300, but could be as many as 1600 individuals in the week after, according to the pessimistic forecast.
  • It is expected that while the epidemic is ongoing, about 120 individuals will need hospitalization but this number might reach 140 according to the pessimistic forecast.
  • The greatest burden on health care services due to hospital admissions will be around mid-April. At that time it is expected that around 60 individuals will be hospitalized but the pessimistic forecast predicts 90 individuals.
  • It is expected that during the epidemic, approximately 25 individuals will become seriously ill (i.e. hospitalized in intensive care units), but this number might turn out to be as high as 37, according to the pessimistic forecast.
  • The heaviest burden on intensive care units is likely to be in the second week of April, when 10 COVID-19 patients are anticipated to need intensive care at the same time, or even 18 according to the pessimistic forecast.
    • Age distribution changing towards more diagnosed infections among individuals over the age of  sixty would significantly increase the burden on health care.

The analytical work continues and the prediction model will be updated regularly with new data. It is necessary to keep in mind that as Iceland‘s population is small (about 360.000) the number of confirmed cases can vary greatly from day to day, which will affect the results of the prediction model. The model will, though, become more stable as time passes.

 

Methods and premises of the prediction model

We used a logistic growth model with negative binomial distribution for the number of COVID-19 infections diagnosed daily in Iceland to predict the median (likeliest prediction) and 97.5% upper limit (pessimistic prediction) of the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Iceland and active diagnosed cases (assuming 21 days of illness) in the upcoming weeks.

  •  The epidemic prediction model assumes exponential growth of diagnosed infections to slow down at a certain point, as the epidemic reaches its peak and the number of new infections starts to decline and the number of active infections subsequently starts to decline.
  • The calculation method used to assess the shape of the growth curve in Iceland takes into account information on COVID-19 epidemic processes in other countries (see annex) to  estimate the possible shape of the process in Iceland. Countries that have progressed further in the epidemic, e.g. South Korea, weigh more than the ones not as far into it.
  • Since all infected individuals in Iceland are clients of the Icelandic health care system, the forecast is based on the total number of infected individuals in Iceland, regardless of the source of infection, whether individuals are diagnosed in quarantine or not, whether they are diagnosed through the screening through the healthcare services or deCODE genetics. It should be kept in mind that infected individuals in quarantine may possibly add less to the exponential growth than other individuals.
    • There are various reasons why such age-related risks should be different in Iceland than in Hubei.
    • For example, this implicit assumption is that the distribution of risk factors for the serious consequences of the disease is similar. In addition, it is assumed that decisions about when it is time to admit people into hospital or intensive care will be the same.
    • Discrepancies between predictions and the number of intensive care units could indicate that the epidemic response is different here than in Hubei.
    • However, this assumption is necessary at the beginning of the epidemic while there is insufficient data on hospital and intensive care in this country.
  • It should be kept in mind that the age distribution of infected individuals in Iceland is favorable so far. If the number of infections among the elderly increases, it will significantly impact the prediction model towards an increased burden on the health care system.
  • All code can be found here: website In addition, techincal report on methods behind the development of the prediction model can be found here. Finally, a dashboard measuring the development of COVID-19 in Iceland and elsewhere can be found here.

 

Results

Diagnosed COVID-19 cases

Cumulative confirmed infections in total

Active diagnosed infections each day
New diagnosed infections each day

 

Hospitalization

Cumulative hospitalizations

Cumulative total of hospitalizations

Active hospitalizations each day

 

Intensive care

Cumulative intensive care admissions

Cumulative total of individuals in intensive care

 

Number of individuals in intensive care each day

 

Distribution by age

Diagnosed infections

Cumulative

Cumulative diagnosed infections by age

 

Active

Active infections by age

 

Hospitalizations

Cumulative

Cumulative total of hospital admissions by age

 

Active

Active hospital admissions by age

 

Intensive care

Cumulative

Cumulative total of individuals in intensive care units by age

 

Active

Total of individuals with active infections by age

 

Results with a different age distribution

Different age distribution

The following is a simulation of development based on the fact that transmission is proportionally more prevalent in older age groups than it currently does:

 

Hospitalizations

Cumulative

 

Active

 

Intensive care

Cumulative

 

Active each day

 

Distribution by age

Diagnosed infections
Cumulative

 

Active

 

Hospitalizations

Cumulative

 

Active

 

Intensive care

Cumulative

 

Active

 

Annex

Information on data for prediction model:

Rate
Country First inspection Number of days Beginning Now
Albania 2020-04-04 27 0.1055220 0.2658876
Armenia 2020-03-27 35 0.1112339 0.6532034
Australia 2020-03-26 36 0.1110573 0.2676644
Austria 2020-03-17 45 0.1134549 1.7156700
Azerbaijan 2020-04-12 19 0.1052975 0.1757613
Bahamas 2020-04-09 22 0.1027005 0.2054010
Bahrain 2020-03-14 48 0.1279573 1.7798256
Barbados 2020-03-30 32 0.1149726 0.2787214
Belarus 2020-04-09 22 0.1127755 1.3944590
Belgium 2020-03-18 44 0.1077186 4.1474686
Bosnia And Herzegovina 2020-03-31 31 0.1069373 0.4810663
Brazil 2020-04-13 18 0.1050417 0.3703491
Bulgaria 2020-04-15 16 0.1018554 0.2067108
Canada 2020-03-27 35 0.1074014 1.3789243
Cape Verde 2020-04-16 15 0.1000118 0.2054788
Chile 2020-03-29 33 0.1007280 0.7854037
Costa Rica 2020-04-10 21 0.1067842 0.1412563
Croatia 2020-03-26 36 0.1012032 0.4992369
Cuba 2020-04-22 9 0.1003222 0.1294395
Cyprus 2020-03-25 37 0.1051247 0.7146787
Denmark 2020-03-13 49 0.1171196 1.5606711
Djibouti 2020-04-08 23 0.1242861 1.1062492
Dominican Republic 2020-04-01 30 0.1032689 0.6194269
Ecuador 2020-03-29 33 0.1056196 1.4202533
Estonia 2020-03-16 46 0.1289935 1.2567439
Finland 2020-03-23 39 0.1131566 0.8868152
France 2020-03-17 45 0.1018429 1.9720948
French Polynesia 2020-03-27 35 0.1074164 0.2076717
Georgia 2020-04-21 10 0.1005813 0.1293546
Germany 2020-03-20 42 0.1692828 1.9052278
Greece 2020-03-29 33 0.1013037 0.2459551
Hungary 2020-04-09 22 0.1011908 0.2865351
Iceland 2020-03-05 56 0.1091346 5.3004003
Iran 2020-03-12 50 0.1085463 1.1295693
Ireland 2020-03-20 42 0.1140810 4.1480841
Israel 2020-03-22 40 0.1036461 1.8585866
Italy 2020-03-09 53 0.1218000 3.3623575
Kazakhstan 2020-04-21 10 0.1050593 0.1727630
Kuwait 2020-04-05 26 0.1138556 0.8889770
Kyrgyzstan 2020-04-24 7 0.1022468 0.1162745
Latvia 2020-03-25 37 0.1033175 0.4452619
Lebanon 2020-04-24 7 0.1003543 0.1051678
Lithuania 2020-03-27 34 0.1083480 0.5250710
Luxembourg 2020-03-16 46 0.1250550 6.1211994
Malaysia 2020-04-04 27 0.1043200 0.1860733
Maldives 2020-04-21 10 0.1299550 0.5217034
Malta 2020-03-19 43 0.1089988 1.0513838
Mauritius 2020-03-31 31 0.1067935 0.2786642
Moldova 2020-04-02 29 0.1046185 0.9326626
Montenegro 2020-03-27 35 0.1066901 0.5127495
Netherlands 2020-03-19 43 0.1199617 2.2695037
New Zealand 2020-03-30 32 0.1154072 0.2360412
North Macedonia 2020-03-28 34 0.1051137 0.6921183
Norway 2020-03-13 49 0.1154520 1.4253958
Oman 2020-04-12 19 0.1097491 0.4570867
Panama 2020-03-25 37 0.1043227 1.5019644
Peru 2020-04-09 22 0.1335570 1.0436951
Poland 2020-04-06 25 0.1082671 0.3336169
Portugal 2020-03-22 40 0.1251688 2.3962988
Puerto Rico 2020-04-03 28 0.1077245 0.4885103
Qatar 2020-03-14 48 0.1129917 4.4363357
Romania 2020-03-31 31 0.1008027 0.6185528
Russia 2020-04-13 18 0.1081083 0.6814113
Saudi Arabia 2020-04-11 20 0.1065409 0.6245381
Serbia 2020-04-01 30 0.1025964 0.9945014
Singapore 2020-03-27 35 0.1023373 2.6947091
Slovakia 2020-04-08 23 0.1064685 0.2549014
Slovenia 2020-03-16 46 0.1053566 0.6821722
South Korea 2020-03-04 58 0.1040111 0.2101500
Spain 2020-03-15 45 0.1230936 4.5556630
Sweden 2020-03-16 46 0.1028259 2.0228411
Switzerland 2020-03-14 48 0.1304798 3.4131945
Turkey 2020-03-30 32 0.1104764 1.4094396
Ukraine 2020-04-17 14 0.1014238 0.2242597
United Arab Emirates 2020-04-03 28 0.1048050 1.2209165
United Kingdom 2020-03-25 37 0.1196058 2.4466249
United States 2020-03-23 39 0.1069880 3.1601941
Uruguay 2020-04-03 28 0.1037053 0.1819897
 

 

 

 

 

 

The head of the prediction model on behalf of University of Iceland’s Health Sciences Institute is Dr. Thor Aspelund. The prediction model is conducted by scientists from the University of Iceland, the Directorate of Health, and the National Hospital. Contact us: covid@hi.is